Western Spruce Budworm
Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
- Buffam, P. E.; Carolin, Jr., V. M. 1966. Determining trends in western spruce budworm egg populations. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 1442-1444. -
New Window - Carolin, V.M.; Coulter, W.K. 1972. Sampling populations of western spruce budworm and predicting defoliation on Douglas-fir in eastern Oregon. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-149: 38 pages. - New Window
- Cole, W.E. 1960. Sequential sampling in spruce budworm control projects. Forest Science 6: 51-59. - New Window
- Harris, J.W.E. 1977. Egg-sampling for western spruce budworm on Douglas-fir. Canadian Forest Service Bi-monthly Research Notes 33: 26-27. - New Window
- Harris, J. W. E.; Dawson, A. F.; Brown, R. G. 1981. Selecting sampling points for larvae of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from survey records in British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 78: 7-9. - New Window
- Mason, R.R.; Wickman, B.E.; Paul, H.G. 1989. Sampling western spruce budworm by counting larvae on lower crown branches. USDA Forest Service Research Note PNW-RN-486: 8 pages. - New Window
- Mason, R. R.; Paul, H. G. 1994. Monitoring larval populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth and the western spruce budworm on permanent plots: sampling methods and statistical properties of data. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-333. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; 23 p. - New Window
- Schmid, J. M.; Farrar, P. A. 1982. Distribution of western spruce budworm egg masses on white fir and Douglas-fir. Res. Pap. RM-241. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 7 p. - New Window
- Schmid, J. M. 1984. Larval densities, mortality, and sampling at different canopy levels during a western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) suppression project. Environmental Entomology 13: 781-786. - New Window
- Shore, T. L.; Alfaro, R. I. 1988. Predicting Douglas-fir defoliation from the percentage of buds infested by the western spruce budworm. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 85: 21-25. - New Window
- Shore, T.L.; Alfaro, R.I.; Harris, J.W.E. 1988. Comparison of binocular and cut-branch methods for estimating budworm defoliation of Douglas-fir. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 85: 15-20. - New Window
- Srivastava, N.; Beckwith, R. C.; Campbell, R. W.; Torgersen, T. R. 1981. A method for sampling western spruce budworm pupae. Res. Note PNW-372. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 6 p. - New Window
- Srivastava, N.; Campbell, R.W.; Torgersen, T.R.; Beckwith, R.C. 1984. Sampling the western spruce budworm: fourth instars, pupae, and egg masses. Forest Science 30: 883-892. - New Window
- Torgersen, T. R.; Scott, D. W.; Gillespie, A. J. R.; Hosman, K. P. 1994. Relationship between lower-crown sampling and midcrown sampling for Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) after treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology 87: 1022-1026. - New Window
- Twardus, D.B. 1985. Surveys and sampling methods for population and damage assessment. In Brookes, M.H.; Bolbert, J.J.; Mitchell, R.G.; Strak, R.W. (eds.). Managing trees and stands susceptible to western spruce budworm. USDA Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1695: 27-40. - New Window
